Pediatric Psychology: ADHD

Written by: Caroline Kim

June 26, 2024

Pediatric psychology is a topic spanning various different conditions and treatments. One of the most prominent being Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or, better known as ADHD. Common symptoms to this condition include inattention and hyperactive/compulsive behavior such as distraction, difficulty following directions, difficulty in organizing tasks, fidgeting, difficulty waiting their turn, and constant talking (Mayo Clinic. “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children.”). 

A key component to understanding this disorder is being informed on the neuroscience and genetics behind ADHD. A detail that took me by surprise was that “although genetic studies have not isolated a gene for ADHD, there may be several genes contributing to the vulnerability for developing this disorder. For example, twin studies have shown a significant heritability for ADHD (4) as high as 76%. In addition, the parents and siblings of children with ADHD have an ADHD diagnostic probability 4-5 times higher than the general population, and boys are more vulnerable than girls ” (Konopka, Lukasz M.). Many neuroscientists focus on the brain parts that may cause the symptoms of ADHD such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate, and default networks and functions linked to neurotransmitter systems (Konopka, Lukasz M.). According to Konopka, neuroscientists generally agree that “ADHD patients primarily struggle with improper utilization of the neurotransmitter dopamine, and, to a lesser extent, norepinephrine”. For this reason, ADHD medications work to balance the supply of neurotransmitters associated with ADHD (Professional, Cleveland Clinic medical.).

ADHD is one that affects many worldwide; according to the 2022 CDC data, an estimated 7 million U.S. children were diagnosed with the disorder, and boys are 7% more likely to be diagnosed than girls (CDC. “Data and Statistics on ADHD.”). This disorder has also been known to be associated with (40%) anxiety and (50%) conduct problems, according to the CDC. Below is a chart (1) produced by the CDC regarding other conditions associated with ADHD by age. Additional CDC data and charts show that between 2016 and 2022, the total number of children receiving ADHD behavior treatment has increased. 

(CDC Co-occurring Conditions with ADHD – Interactive Data Charts 1)

ADHD symptoms can pose a variety of challenges for the individual, and can make everyday tasks more difficult. According to Mayo Clinic children with ADHD often struggle in the classroom/academics, have higher risk for accidents/injuries, struggle with self-esteem, and have an increased risk for substance abuse. Implications of co-existing conditions/disorders are prevalent, and treatment is a path that can help alleviate many symptoms for these children. 

Treatment for ADHD can vary depending on the severity of the symptoms; treatment may involve behavior therapy and/or medications. Some behavioral therapy methods include parent training in behavior management, behavior therapy with children, and behavior intervention in the classroom (CDC. “Treatment of ADHD.”). The CDC also provides a list of tips such as creating routines, encouraging organization, and setting goals. Treatment by medication has higher risks for younger children, so behavioral treatment is often utilized first; stimulants are the most commonly used medication, but non-stimulants were also approved as of 2003 (CDC. “Treatment of ADHD.”).

Sources:

CDC. “Data and Statistics on ADHD.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16 May 2024, www.cdc.gov/adhd/data/index.html. Accessed 26 June 2024. 

CDC. “Treatment of ADHD.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 May 2024, www.cdc.gov/adhd/treatment/index.html. Accessed 26 June 2024. 

Mayo Clinic. “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 25 June 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889. Accessed 26 June 2024. 

Konopka, Lukasz M. “Understanding Attention Deficit Disorder: A Neuroscience Prospective.” Croatian Medical Journal, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009719/. Accessed 26 June 2024. 

Professional, Cleveland Clinic medical. “ADHD Medications: How They Work & Side Effects.” Cleveland Clinic, 6 Oct. 2022, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11766-adhd-medication. Accessed 26 June 2024.